Hospitalization of CHILD is one of the most stressful events of life for parents and CHILDren. This fear and stress may affect the process of treatment. Since there is no information available about the source of DISTRESS and needs of Iranian parents during the INPATIENT CARE of their CHILDren, we designed a research in order to discover the main source of worries and fears among parents. In this cross-sectional study 120 parents of 88 CHILDren were interviewed by structured questionnaire during the course of events when their CHILD needed INPATIENT CARE. Twenty close ended questions were asked in order to assess the major source of worries and DISTRESS. Factor analyses were used as a statistical test for data analysis. The rotated factors pattern isolated 7 factors that accounted for 61.60% of variances and their factor loading was above 0.5: 1) environment adjustment, 2) lack of prehospitalization program, 3) lack of communication skills of CAREgiver, 4) parental skills, 5) hospitalization expenses, 6) lose of independence and 7) lack of information. Other items of questionnaire were eliminated because their loading factors were less than 0.5. This finding suggests parents’ education before and during the CHILD INPATIENT CARE as a major need of parents. By parents education there is a chance of reducing their worries and fear and improve their parental skills. Offering prehospitalization programs also provide a good opportunity for parents to ask questions from staff members and may help them to adjust themselves with new environment.

During recent decades, many changes are happening in health sector and countries are trying to respond to the increasing health demands of people. Although hospitals have important role in health delivery system of any country, numerous factors have to be taken into account before establishing a new hospital in certain area. During recent decades, in many developing countries, new hospitals are built and equipped with sophisticated plant, without any scientific investigation. This means wastage of scarce resources. This paper aims to introduce need assessment methodology to establish hospitals and discuss the criteria to be met prior to their construction in the process of health CARE development.              

The present research was conducted with the aim of the relationship between social factors and family violence against CHILDren (CHILD abuse). The used method was a survey and the data collection tool was also a questionnaire. From a total of 155 families with a history of CHILD abuse based on the social emergency statistics of Tehran in the last 6 months of 1397, 110 families (parents with one or more CHILDren) were selected in District 9 of Tehran Municipality. The random sampling method was simple. In the present study, CHILDren under 11 years (6-11 years) were defined as the age range of CHILDren and family violence was also defined as violence applied by parents, older siblings. Research hypotheses were tested with SPSS statistical software through Pearson's correlation coefficient. The results showed that the experience of violence has a positive relationship with psychological violence, physical violence, neglect against CHILDren and family violence against CHILDren. In other results, it was found that violence-oriented mentality has a positive relationship with psychological violence, physical violence, neglect against CHILDren and family violence against CHILDren. In the continuation of the obtained results, the positive relationship of family problems with mental violence, physical violence and neglect against CHILDren and family violence against CHILDren was confirmed and it was found that gender stereotypes have a positive relationship with mental violence, physical violence and neglect against CHILDren and family violence against CHILDren. Finally, in the main hypothesis, the results showed: social factors have a positive relationship with psychological violence, physical violence and neglect against CHILDren and family violence against CHILDren.

Background: Protecting households from risk of impoverishment due to out-of-pocket costs in health CARE is a major challenge for health systems. Therefore, this study aimed at evaluating some health expenditure of INPATIENT and outpatient CARE as well as assessing the predictors of catastrophic costs for INPATIENT CARE in one of central provinces of Iran.Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 760 household were selected by multistage sampling method in Markazi province of Iran and interviewed in order to complete a standard questionnaire. Catastrophic costs were evaluated in a scale that varied from 0 (no money for CARE) to 100 (spending all income and wealth). Patients who were paid over 20% of household financial sources or 40% of month income were regarded as being exposed to catastrophic costs. Negative binomial model with robust estimator logit function was used for prediction of catastrophic costs.Results: Based on data analysis, 42.6% of hospitalized subjects encountered catastrophic costs. Moreover, 11.2% households faced catastrophic cost among all participated households and 39.3% were reported to need INPATIENT need CARE. Multivariate regression model showed that age range 40-59 years and being in the lower levels of wealth index were significant predictors of facing catastrophic costs (P<0.05).Conclusions: Lack of money is the most important cause of un-seeking CARE. Hospitalizations due to INPATIENT CARE needs, household members aged 40-59 years old, especially with chronic diseases and nonrich status of the household were the highest predictors of facing catastrophic costs. Reducing out-of-pocket costs can increase health CARE utilization.